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Jordan Pine

Is "shifting definitions" a logical fallacy? Should it be?

This came up recently in a conversation on this platform. In consulting the dictionary definition of a particular term, it became clear that the term had both a denotative and connotative meaning, the latter of which changed the meaning in a significant way. Many words also have first, second and third definitions. Some even have first and second definitions that are antonyms!

There is a family of fallacies that covers this ground, including:

But is there a general fallacy for when someone routinely shifts definitions to make invalid arguments seem valid? Should there be?

Example:

  • Person A says "the 2020 election was literally stolen."
  • Person B counters that if this were true, evidence would have emerged that voting machines were hacked, ballots had been forged, etc. No such evidence has emerged.
  • Person A then makes various arguments about unfair media coverage, unfair advantages in early voting and mail-in voting, etc.
  • Person B points out that this is a different argument since Person A said the election was literally stolen.
  • Person A then argues that by literally he/she meant "figuratively."

Perhaps the above is a bad example since "literally" is one of those words where its second definition is its antonym. Making this argument, then, might fall under the appeal to definition. But I am asking a broader question since I see this sort of argument all the time. Indeed, debates often devolve into sub-debates about the proper meaning and understanding of words. Sometimes of a single word!

"It depends on what the meaning of the word 'is' is." - Bill Clinton

 

asked on Wednesday, Feb 24, 2021 05:56:30 PM by Jordan Pine

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Answers

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Bo Bennett, PhD
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I do agree that this is common, but I tend to see this more on the side of rhetoric (hyperbole, exaggeration - which does have some fallacious overlap). I believe that being clear as possible and defining loaded language is the best strategy here. If there is any error in reasoning, it is in one making the assumption that they know what the other person means by the words they used.

Here is how I would respond to person A in your example:

Person A: the 2020 election was literally stolen.
Bo: What do you mean by "literally stolen?" Can you give an example of the most egregious example?
Person A: CNN called Trump a sociopath, so 8 million more people voted for Biden. Stolen!
Bo: "stolen." You keep using that word. I do not think you know what it means (said in my best Inigo Montoya accent). And stop getting your news from pillow salesmen.

answered on Thursday, Feb 25, 2021 08:08:36 AM by Bo Bennett, PhD

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Citizen Irrelevant writes:

Dr Bo:  I was up early and trying to be quiet so as not to wake my wife.  Then I read 

posted on Thursday, Feb 25, 2021 09:00:15 AM
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Jordan Pine writes:

Thank you. Yes, that is a good technique, especially when there is a clear word or phrase to inquire about. It's always smart to start with questions to understand fully the other side's argument.

A challenge is that people use this tactic disingenuously, torturing the meaning of words to try to "win" a debate. It becomes impossible to pin them down (with, say, logic) because they keep slipping away with claims that they were using a different meaning of common words.

The humorous Clinton quote is perhaps the best example of what I mean. Would anyone think to ask: What do you mean by "is"? :-)

posted on Thursday, Feb 25, 2021 10:00:48 AM
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Bo Bennett, PhD writes:
[To Jordan Pine]

It becomes impossible to pin them down (with, say, logic)

True, sometimes logic and reason won't get you very far with those who don't value logic and reason as much as we do. Sometimes people do value these, but bias is so strong that logic and reason fall second to the bias for that particular matter (i.e., compartmentalization ). This is why I have nothing against a little snark, ridicule, or humor now and again. Humor often results in people becoming less defensive, which means less biased, which often leads to logic and reason prevailing.

[ login to reply ] posted on Thursday, Feb 25, 2021 10:12:46 AM
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TrappedPrior (RotE)
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Hedging.

The claim is substantially revised, then passed off as if it were similar.

"Literally stolen" =/= "figuratively stolen."

answered on Wednesday, Feb 24, 2021 07:01:16 PM by TrappedPrior (RotE)

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Jordan Pine writes:

Not really. It’s playing with legitimate alternate meanings of the word “literally.”

See entry #2:

https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/literally

posted on Wednesday, Feb 24, 2021 08:56:30 PM
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TrappedPrior (RotE) writes:
[To Jordan Pine]

In that case, it'd be equivocation.

 

[ login to reply ] posted on Thursday, Feb 25, 2021 06:05:22 AM
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Jordan Pine writes:
[To Rationalissimo]

Equivocation is a good addition to the family. Yet it still isn’t quite right because, for example, “literally” doesn’t seem ambiguous. In the example, it wasn’t used ambiguously — at first. Then, because the word has alternate meanings, the arguer finds an “out.”

Go back to the Bill Clinton quote. Was he really engaging in the equivocation fallacy? Is the word “is” really ambiguous?

Anyway, my second question may be the better one: Should there be a general name (e.g. shifting definitions) for all fallacies of this type? (Under which equivocation would also fall)

[ login to reply ] posted on Thursday, Feb 25, 2021 07:43:34 AM
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Shockwave
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This does not seem to me to be a logical fallacy, but to the fickle rhetoric of one who participates in the debate.
The terms "literally" and "figuratively" are contradictory. Of course, the term "literally" is used because it is more dramatic and calls for greater condemnation. Imagine arguing like this:


Person 1: The sum of the interior angles in a square is equal to 180 degrees.

The opponent then constructs a square and, referring to its definition and the definition of the degree, proves that claim of person 1 is logically impossible.

Person 1: By square I meant triangle.

You see, it is impossible to identify a logical fallacy here because we need an argument for a logical fallacy, and here through speech that argument changes until it is obtained satisfactorily.

 

answered on Wednesday, Feb 24, 2021 06:44:59 PM by Shockwave

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Jordan Pine writes:

The terms "literally" and "figuratively" are contradictory. 

Yes, that’s what I think. However, that is not what the people who publish the dictionary think:

https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/literally

Hence my question and the need to articulate a fallacy. We’re not talking about black and white words. We’re talking about words with meanings that involve shades of gray (or, in this case, even words with meanings where black can legitimately be declared white).

 

posted on Wednesday, Feb 24, 2021 08:52:57 PM