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Douglas Arndell

Does this reasoning train justify All Cops Are B*stards (ACAB)?

I have been seeing this logic a lot in regards to recent events, mainly from people sympathetic to the one against the authorities, in especially to retort to the "there are good cops" line:

A: There are 1000 good cops and 100 bad cops in a police department.
B: The 100 bad cops are running around doing bad things, but the 1000 good cops don't do anything about it.
X: Therefore, 1000 good cops end up being 1100 bad cops, and the 1000 cops that did nothing are just as bad as the 100 bad cops committing the actual brutality. ACAB.

Is this reasonable or is there something wrong with it in regards to generalisations? 

asked on Sunday, May 31, 2020 07:18:33 AM by Douglas Arndell

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Answers

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Bo Bennett, PhD
4

There is quite a bit of poor reasoning here. Let's break this down:

A: There are 1000 good cops and 100 bad cops in a police department.

Pure dichotomous thinking . Reality is far more complex with otherwise good people behaving badly and vice versa based on many situational factors. But for the sake of the argument presented, let's accept this premise.

B: The 100 bad cops are running around doing bad things, but the 1000 good cops don't do anything about it. 

This, too, is almost certainly a characterization of reality and a dangerous use of hyperbole. But again, let's accept this premise for the sake of the argument.

X: Therefore, 1000 good cops end up being 1100 bad cops, and the 1000 cops that did nothing are just as bad as the 100 bad cops committing the actual brutality.

This is the clear use of black and white thinking that puts all cops in one of two categories and makes the murdering cop as guilty ("bad") as the otherwise "good" cops. The conclusion assumes that the cops that do "nothing" a) know about the bad cops b) know what to do about them c) choose not to do anything about them.

If we go as far to even grant a,b, and c above, we are equating this inaction with murder, which is problematic legally and morally. This implies that the inaction is malicious, that is, the "good" cops are supporting the actions of the "bad" cops rather than a more benign possibility such as not wanting to get a colleague fired over an accusation without sufficient evidence.

I wouldn't even call a fallacy here, just say that it is an argument riddled with bad reasoning and assumptions.

On a personal note, I do agree with the idea that police need to "police" themselves better and be far less tolerant of illegal activities within the department as well as excessive use of force. I would never say, however, that all cops are bad because of the several assumptions that need to be made that, especially when taken together, are extremely improbable.

answered on Sunday, May 31, 2020 07:45:15 AM by Bo Bennett, PhD

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TrappedPrior (RotE) writes:

Sums up how I see it, really. ACAB struck me as an unfair generalisation of police officers, based on a (still alarmingly high) number of statistically uncommon incidents. By cherry-picking negative (and fatal) police interactions out of the entire set of police interactions overall, you can create a very misleading image - showing the cops to be more violent and "piggish" than they really are. This is then used to justify "ACAB".

Aside from that it also falsely guilts ostensibly "good" cops, simply for being in the same boat as "bad" cops. It's like faulting "all priests" for the systemic problem of sex abuse in the Catholic Church.

posted on Sunday, May 31, 2020 12:39:19 PM
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Douglas Arndell writes:
[To Rationalissimo]

I agree and the ACAB side also is now insinuating that the entire institution of police are equivalent to the mafia, to terrorist organisations, to a violent gang and more extremely a organised criminal organisation and a occupying army.

And given how worse it has gotten the past day or so... yeah. No one is interested in actually backing away from the edge.

[ login to reply ] posted on Monday, Jun 01, 2020 10:33:44 AM
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TrappedPrior (RotE) writes:
[To Douglas Arndell]

Social media is making it worse, Twitter in particular. 

1) Very easy for bad information to get around. Anyone can put together a quick infomeme (with fake, misleading or invalid statistics) or juxtapose two pictures to imply some sort of social injustice (even if they had nothing to do with one another). It then gets circulated by biased users and goes viral.

2) Echochambers. Twitter I must single out for this, because a significant chunk of its userbase seems incapable of tolerating dissent. It is not uncommon for people on both sides of the SocJus war to block those who disrupt their outrage. If they do engage, many use Self-Sealing Arguments in order to give the pretense of a refutation.

3) Vilification. As Dr Bennett pointed out, there's a lot of black-and-white thinking, which just results in people being accused of all sorts if they're not totally on board with a certain ideology.

[ login to reply ] posted on Monday, Jun 01, 2020 11:28:25 AM
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Michael Hurst writes:

[To Douglas Arndell]

That first statement of your argument is a definite strawman, or special pleading, logical fallacy. Maybe you have heard such statements, but I pay attention to the news and I have never heard the argument made in such stark terms. Perhaps some protesters are yelling that, but that is not everybody talking about the issue. And just saying "the ACAB side" is a fallacy of its own.

[ login to reply ] posted on Monday, Jun 01, 2020 11:58:57 AM
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Michael Hurst writes:
[To Rationalissimo]

That is a common part of political reality. If you are a member of an organization, and some members of the organization misbehave, it reflects on the organization and all its members. This same argument is being used to tar all protesters as rioters, even though there is substantial evidence that much of the rioting is being caused by provocateurs. This is where we get the phrase "self policing", or "clean your own house".

[ login to reply ] posted on Monday, Jun 01, 2020 11:54:53 AM
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TrappedPrior (RotE) writes:
[To Michael Hurst]

That is a common part of political reality. If you are a member of an organization, and some members of the organization misbehave, it reflects on the organization and all its members.

It happens all the time...so? Does that make it morally right, or even logically correct? If you are judging an organisation properly, surely it should be judged on what most of its members do (representative sample being the set itself), rather than the actions of a minority? 

This same argument is being used to tar all protesters as rioters, even though there is substantial evidence that much of the rioting is being caused by provocateurs.

Which would  also  be a mistake, since not all protesters are rioting, and protesting =/= rioting in the first place. Two wrongs, however, do not a right make.

This is where we get the phrase "self policing", or "clean your own house".

Agreed, although this is still distinct from the idea that ACAB.

[ login to reply ] posted on Monday, Jun 01, 2020 01:45:07 PM
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Michael Hurst writes:

I disagree with most of your argument here. First, the question at issue is the third premise. The first two are simply observations. They may be right or wrong, but given these observations, does the third premise follow?

Second, the idea that this is black or white thinking is true on its face, but is not a reflection of the logic of the argument. We simplify many arguments when we discuss issues, boiling them down to basics to facilitate discussion. It is assumed that the receiver of the argument can assess that the maker is not talking in absolutes. Technically this is a black or white fallacy, but if you dismiss the argument because of this deliberate fallacy, you are committing the fallacy fallacy yourself.

Third, your argument that "we are equating this inaction with murder" is incorrect, as the argument is about "bad" cops, and there are many ways that cops can be bad without committing murder. You have committed the logical fallacy of special pleading / moving the goalposts here, Bo. Nor does the statement imply that the inaction is malicious, that argument has not been made. As I say in my answer to the question, this premise is simply a restatement of the well-known belief that "If you are not part of the solution, you are part of the problem", which does not imply malicious intent. You seem to have made another logical fallacy with this argument, strawman , or no true scotsman .

IMHO.

posted on Monday, Jun 01, 2020 11:34:09 AM
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Bo Bennett, PhD writes:
[To Michael Hurst]

Wow, a lot of accusations of fallacies here. Let me just do a blanket rejection of all of them.

They may be right or wrong, but given these observations, does the third premise follow?

No, it does not. Because the first two premises say nothing about equating the perpetrators with those who do nothing about it. The conclusion is simply another claim.

We simplify many arguments when we discuss issues, boiling them down to basics to facilitate discussion.

The fact that you do doesn't make it right. In fact, this is a major problem with critical thinking and discussion. "Simplify" is the opposite of nuance.

It is assumed that the receiver of the argument can assess that the maker is not talking in absolutes.

These aren't absolutes; they are simplistic categories. This argument leaves no room for degrees of behavior. Good or bad, those are the choices.

Third, your argument that "we are equating this inaction with murder" is incorrect, 

This is exactly this argument concludes. If 100 bad cops are murderers, then the 1000 that do nothing are "just as bad". Therefore, this inaction is being equated with murder.

there are many ways that cops can be bad without committing murder.

That's irreverent. If they are murderers, then we are equating inaction with murder, which is exactly my point and demonstrates the absurdity of this "argument."

Nor does the statement imply that the inaction is malicious, that argument has not been made.

Are we even talking about the same argument? "and the 1000 cops that did nothing are just as bad " It doesn't imply it; it directly states it!

 

 

 

[ login to reply ] posted on Monday, Jun 01, 2020 11:58:11 AM
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TrappedPrior (RotE)
3

Dr Bennett's analysis is accurate; the reasoning relies heavily on assumptions that are formed and accepted due to bias (the desire to see the police reformed, or abolished in some extreme cases), as well as the emotional nature of these unfortunate recent events. 

If I had to call fallacy here, it'd be Cherry Picking (for isolating instances of bad policing from the entire set), Hasty Generalization (for using the cherry picked the instances of bad policing and drawing a conclusion based on those), Association Fallacy (because of some bad cops, all are tarred with the same brush - all are seen as "bastards") and Overextended Outrage (since this entire line of reasoning engenders hatred towards cops). To go further, one could even add Misleading Vividness, if statistical data regarding police violence is ignored in favour of a few select (and morally upsetting) instances.

Basically, we have a logical fallacy rollercoaster here. 

Conversely, supporters of the police also make fallacious arguments - if the argument instead simply states that police reform is needed to plug the leaks in the system, then bringing up things like "black on black crime" is a Red Herring. Furthermore, unless otherwise stated, it's not always relevant to point out that most are good, and thus this could be a form of Ignoratio elenchi

I'd like to see more dialogue between people of differing opinions, rather than first-resort blocking, accusations of ism-of-the-day, and bad faith attacks.

answered on Sunday, May 31, 2020 12:40:50 PM by TrappedPrior (RotE)

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Michael Hurst
1

I don't see this as a logical fallacy. It is simply a progression of thought, based on the premise that if you do not act to stop an atrocity when you have the opportunity to do so, you are complicit in the act. That is not an unreasonable assertion, it even has it's own cliche - "If you're not part of the solution, you're part of the problem". It even has support in the legal world - if you see a murder happening, or are a witness to some other crime, and don't at least report it, you may be charged as an accessory. On the other hand, we celebrate it when a citizen volunteers to help a stranger in trouble. It is a cultural fixture.

So, you may disagree with the premise, but it is not a logical fallacy.

answered on Monday, Jun 01, 2020 11:09:07 AM by Michael Hurst

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Bo Bennett, PhD writes:

I always has a major problem with this line of reasoning. For example, what do you do to actively fight against child pornography? Would it be fair to say that you are complicit in child pornography? If you happen to be actively fighting against child pornography, then just substitute that for any of millions of other injustices taking place all over the world. This isn't a shot to you, Michael, just pointing out the inherent absurdity in this idea.

posted on Monday, Jun 01, 2020 11:15:30 AM
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Michael Hurst writes:
[To Bo Bennett, PhD]

Then it is just as absurd that if you witness a murder and don't report it, you are complicit. You can disagree with that logic, but given that, which is an opinion, the overall argument is not a logical fallacy.

[ login to reply ] posted on Monday, Jun 01, 2020 12:03:10 PM
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Bo Bennett, PhD writes:
[To Michael Hurst]

Michael, try to stop the simplistic thinking. Witnessing a murder and not reporting it is not even close to being "just as bad" as a murder that are you many steps removed from, as in sharing membership in a police force with over 1000 others. It is clear you are passionate about this issue, but your passion is clearly distorting your reason.

[ login to reply ] posted on Monday, Jun 01, 2020 12:06:39 PM
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Michael Hurst writes:
[To Bo Bennett, PhD]

Stop moving the goalposts. I did not say "just as bad". I said "complicit". Here is the definition of complicit in the dictionary: "involved with others in an illegal activity or wrongdoing". Those other three officers in the Floyd killing were involved. They were complicit.

[ login to reply ] posted on Monday, Jun 01, 2020 12:11:02 PM
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Bo Bennett, PhD writes:
[To Michael Hurst]

You have introduced "complicit" into this argument. Read the OP. There is no mention of "complicit." Nor is there any mention of the Floyd killing. You have read all this into the argument.

From what I have read about the case, I agree that that other 3 the cops in the Floyd killing appear to be complicit. But this is not the argument presented and being discussed.

[ login to reply ] posted on Monday, Jun 01, 2020 12:16:03 PM
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Michael Hurst writes:
[To Bo Bennett, PhD]

OK, I'm done here.

[ login to reply ] posted on Monday, Jun 01, 2020 12:17:59 PM
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TrappedPrior (RotE) writes:

I don't see this as a logical fallacy. It is simply a progression of thought, based on the premise that if you do not act to stop an atrocity when you have the opportunity to do so, you are complicit in the act.

To make this analogous to the current events in America, we will use the police in this example. Your statement posits that, if one does not intervene in an injustice given the opportunity, one is 'complicit' (and therefore legally, and morally, liable). You make three major assumptions with respect to the police here: firstly, that there is an injustice occurring, secondly that the opportunity to do so exists, and thirdly that they even know about the attacks. The second doesn't even apply to most officers, since most officers were not involved in George Floyd's murder, and the third isn't reasonable given that not all encounters are made common knowledge.

That is not an unreasonable assertion, it even has it's own cliche - "If you're not part of the solution, you're part of the problem".

This 'cliche' isn't reasonable either, as it ignores the benign possibility that the person in question is independent of both.

It even has support in the legal world - if you see a murder happening, or are a witness to some other crime, and don't at least report it, you may be charged as an accessory.

Although legal =/= moral, my main problem is the weak analogy. Police violence is a systemic issue, one that can only be solved in the long-term. A murder, on the other hand, is a one-off instance that requires no more than a report. A police officer may be off-duty when they witness a murder (in which case you wouldn't be able to tell), or, if on-duty, they would follow protocol and arrest the murderer (or at least begin to investigate), so if your own analogy is taken seriously, it doesn't implicate the cops.

On the other hand, we celebrate it when a citizen volunteers to help a stranger in trouble. It is a cultural fixture.

Because one more person has been saved from crime/trouble. There's nothing controversial here.

So, you may disagree with the premise, but it is not a logical fallacy.

It relies on several biased, improbable assumptions and poor statistical thinking.

posted on Monday, Jun 01, 2020 12:00:25 PM
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Michael Hurst writes:

[To Rationalissimo]

There were three other police assisting Chauvin. They all had a clear opportunity to intervene when Floyd was pleading for his life. They refused to stop Chauvin. This makes them complicit.

And you don't like the first cliche. How about this one - “The only thing necessary for the triumph of evil is for good men to do nothing.” Maybe you've heard that one before.

The rest of this is your opinion, to which you are entitled.

[ login to reply ] posted on Monday, Jun 01, 2020 12:08:07 PM
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TrappedPrior (RotE) writes:
[To Michael Hurst]

There were three other police assisting Chauvin. They all had a clear opportunity to intervene when Floyd was pleading for his life. They refused to stop Chauvin. This makes them complicit.

You're equivocating here. First, we used 'police' to refer to the police in general, and now you're using 'police' to refer to four specific officers. The sense of the word here isn't the same.

And you don't like the first cliche. How about this one - “The only thing necessary for the triumph of evil is for good men to do nothing.” Maybe you've heard that one before.

Perhaps, in a position where someone can intervene directly, this is a fair remark. However, as discussed previously, it isn't so simple when it comes to the police.

[ login to reply ] posted on Monday, Jun 01, 2020 01:57:47 PM
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DrBill
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The train justifies ACAB, so the answer has to be "yes" to the question as asked. However, the train of reasoning is improper for multiple reasons, not least of which is an internal contradiction in which A. good cops are B. redefined bad cops, then summed in C. to be all bad cops, denying A. It is also a weak argument of overgeneralization Dr. Bo... the stamps are gone from my page appearing in Chrome and the arrows for up or down votes are missing, replaced by labels.
answered on Wednesday, Jun 03, 2020 11:04:44 AM by DrBill

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Bo Bennett, PhD writes:

Regarding what you are seeing, restart your browser... that should do the trick. Regarding

The train justifies ACAB, so the answer has to be "yes" to the question as asked. 

It may appear that way but it is not. We are not dealing with a deductive argument so the premises being true does not guarantee that the conclusion is true. Recall the OP. We start with categorizing cops into "good" and "bad" in the premises, but then in the conclusion we make a value judgement that is not in either premise. The conclusion does not follow.

posted on Wednesday, Jun 03, 2020 11:24:28 AM